Suppressor Of Cytokine Signaling Research Articles

Effect of Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation of Microglia-Derived Exosomes on Hippocampal Neurons: A Study on miR-124 and Inflammatory Cytokines.

Stroke is a cerebrovascular disease that threatens human health. Developing safe and effective drugs and finding therapeutic targets has become an urgent scientific problem. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of oxygen-glucose deprivation of the microglia-derived exosome on hippocampal neurons and its relationship to miR-124 in the exosome. We incubated hippocampal neurons with exosomes secreted by oxygen-glucose deprivation/ reoxygenation (OGD/R) microglia. The levels of glutamic acid (GLU) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the culture supernatant were detected by ELISA. CCK-8 was used to measure neuronal survival rates. The mRNA levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were detected by RT-qPCR to evaluate the effect of exosomes on neurons. RT-qPCR was then used to detect miR-124 in microglia and their secreted exosomes. Finally, potential targets of miR-124 were analyzed through database retrieval, gene detection with dual luciferase reporters, and western blotting experiments. The results showed that the contents of GLU, TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA increased in the supernatant of cultured hippocampal neurons, the content of GABA decreased, and the survival rate of neurons decreased. Oxygen-glucose deprivation increases miR-124 levels in microglia and their released exosomes. miR-124 acts as a target gene on cytokine signaling suppressor molecule 1(SOCS1), while miR-124 inhibitors reduce the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA in neurons. These results suggest that oxygen- and glucose-deprived microglia regulate inflammatory cytokines leading to reduced neuronal survival, which may be achieved by miR-124 using SOCS1 as a potential target.

Physiological healing of chronic gastric ulcer is not impaired by the hydrogen sulphide (H2S)-releasing derivative of acetylsalicylic acid (ATB-340): functional and proteomic approaches.

Gastric ulcers affect approx. 10% of population. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) predispose to or impair the physiologically complex healing ofpre-existing ulcers. Since H2S is an endogenous cytoprotective molecule, we hypothesized that new H2S-releasing ASA-derivative (ATB-340) could overcome pathological impact of NSAIDs on GI regeneration.Clinically translational gastric ulcers were induced in Wistar rats using state-of-the-art microsurgical model employing serosal application of acetic acid. This was followed by 9 days long i.g. daily treatment with vehicle, ATB-340 (6-24mg/kg) or equimolar ASA doses (4-14mg/kg). Ulcer area was assessed macro- and microscopically. Prostaglandin (PG)E2 levels,indicating pharmacological activity of NSAIDsand 8-hydroxyguanozine content,reflecting nucleic acids oxidation in serum/gastric mucosa, were determined by ELISA. Qualitative and/or quantitative pathway-specific alterations at the ulcer margin were evaluated using real-time PCR and mass spectrometry-based proteomics.ASA, unlike ATB-340, dose-dependently delayed/impaired gastric tissue recovery, deregulating 310 proteins at the ulcer margin, including Ras signalling, wound healing or apoptosis regulators. ATB-340 maintained NSAIDs-specific cyclooxygenase-inhibiting capacity on systemic and GI level but in time-dependent manner. High dose of ATB-340 (24mg/kg daily), but not ASA, decreased nucleic acids oxidation and upregulated anti-oxidative/anti-inflammatory heme oxygenase-1, 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase or suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS3) at the ulcer margin.Thus, ASA impairs the physiological healing of pre-existing gastric ulcers, inducing the extensive molecularly functional and proteomic alterations at the wound margin. H2S-releasing ATB-340 maintains the target activity of NSAIDs with limited impact on gastric PGE2 signalling and physiological GI regeneration, enhancing anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative response, andproviding the pharmacological advantage.

Baicalin reduces inflammation to inhibit lung cancer via targeting SOCS1/NF-κB/STAT3 axis

Inflammation affects several aspects of lung cancer progression including cell proliferation, metastasis, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. Baicalin, an active component of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, exhibits anticancer activity in various cancers. However, the effects of baicalin on lung cancer and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. This study is to explore the effect and mechanism of baicalin on lung cancer cell A549 and urethane-induced mouse lung cancer. A cell viability assay, colony formation assay, wound healing assay, acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining assay, western blot assay, urethane-induced mouse lung cancer model, haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and ELISA assay were performed to investigate the effects of baicalin on lung cancer in vitro and in vivo. Network pharmacology analysis, molecular docking, gene silencing assays, and LPS-induced inflammation model were utilized to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of baicalin on lung cancer. Baicalin showed significant anti-proliferative, anti-migratory, anti-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic effects in vitro; it also inhibited the progression of urethane-induced mouse lung cancer in vivo. Mechanistically, suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) was the key determinant for baicalin-induced inhibition of lung cancer. Baicalin increased SOCS1 expression to inactivate the NF-κB/STAT3 pathway to inhibit lung cancer in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, baicalin reduces inflammation to inhibit lung cancer via targeting SOCS1/NF-κB/STAT3 axis, providing a prospective compound and novel target for lung cancer treatment.

PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF SOCS IN REGULATING CANCER PROGRESSION

Suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) proteins have emerged as crucial regulators in cancer progression, exhibiting significant prognostic implications. This review explores the prognostic significance of SOCS in various cancer types and their role in modulating key signalling pathways involved in tumour growth, metastasis, and immune evasion. Understanding the intricate interplay between SOCS proteins and cancer progression provides valuable insights into developing targeted therapies and prognostic markers for improved patient management and outcomes. SOCS proteins are pivotal regulators of immune responses and inflammation, but their dysregulation has been implicated in cancer development and progression. We explore the mechanisms by which SOCS proteins exert their effects on oncogenic signalling pathways, such as JAK/STAT, PI3K/AKT, and MAPK pathways, highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets. Furthermore, understanding the complex interplay between SOCS proteins and cancer holds promise for the development of novel therapeutic strategies and precision medicine approaches tailored to individual patients.

Tumor-derived miR-6794-5p enhances cancer growth by promoting M2 macrophage polarization

BackgroundSolid tumors promote tumor malignancy through interaction with the tumor microenvironment, resulting in difficulties in tumor treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the communication between cells in the tumor and the surrounding microenvironment. Our previous study revealed the cancer malignancy mechanism of Bcl-w overexpressed in solid tumors, but no study was conducted on its relationship with immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. In this study, we sought to discover key factors in exosomes secreted from tumors overexpressing Bcl-w and analyze the interaction with the surrounding tumor microenvironment to identify the causes of tumor malignancy.MethodsTo analyze factors affecting the tumor microenvironment, a miRNA array was performed using exosomes derived from cancer cells overexpressing Bcl-w. The discovered miRNA, miR-6794-5p, was overexpressed and the tumorigenicity mechanism was confirmed using qRT-PCR, Western blot, invasion, wound healing, and sphere formation ability analysis. In addition, luciferase activity and Ago2-RNA immunoprecipitation assays were used to study the mechanism between miR-6794-5p and its target gene SOCS1. To confirm the interaction between macrophages and tumor-derived miR-6794-5p, co-culture was performed using conditioned media. Additionally, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and flow cytometry were performed to analyze macrophages in the tumor tissues of experimental animals.ResultsMiR-6794-5p, which is highly expressed in exosomes secreted from Bcl-w-overexpressing cells, was selected, and it was shown that the overexpression of miR-6794-5p increased migratory ability, invasiveness, and stemness maintenance by suppressing the expression of the tumor suppressor SOCS1. Additionally, tumor-derived miR-6794-5p was delivered to THP-1-derived macrophages and induced M2 polarization by activating the JAK1/STAT3 pathway. Moreover, IL-10 secreted from M2 macrophages increased tumorigenicity by creating an immunosuppressive environment. The in vitro results were reconfirmed by confirming an increase in M2 macrophages and a decrease in M1 macrophages and CD8+ T cells when overexpressing miR-6794-5p in an animal model.ConclusionsIn this study, we identified changes in the tumor microenvironment caused by miR-6794-5p. Our study indicates that tumor-derived miR-6794-5p promotes tumor aggressiveness by inducing an immunosuppressive environment through interaction with macrophage.

Abstract 5363: New targeted therapy on SOCS1-related immune-response in triple-negative breast cancer

Abstract Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is heterogenous, which includes basal-like, immunomodulatory, mesenchymal, mesenchymal stem cell and luminal androgen receptor subtypes. In addition to chemotherapy, PARP inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors are effective for TNBC with BRCA-mutated and PD-L1-positive cases. However, overall survival of TNBC remains unfavorable. To explore new targeted therapy in TNBC, we reported previously that SOCS1 (suppressor of cytokine signaling 1), IL-13 and several genes were predicted as interactive targets of miRNA in TNBC from the microarray expression analysis (Agilent Technologies, Inc.) of small RNA extracted from 11 breast cancer specimens (AACR2020, #1709). Thus, we investigated SOCS1-related immune-response under co-culture of TNBC and monocyte cell lines with or without paclitaxel exposure. Materials and Methods: MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, RAW264.7 cell lines were used with co-culture system (Falcon® Cell Culture Inserts, Corning, NY, USA). SOCS1-expression vector and siSOCS1 were transfected into TNBC cell lines with polyethylenimine (PEI Max; Polysciences, Inc., Warrington, PA). RAW264.7 was activated with lipopolysaccaride (5ug/ml) and IFNγ (10ng/ml) for 2 days before co-culture. Relative cell viability of TNBC cell lines with vehicle control (DMSO) or paclitaxel exposure was measured with WST-8 (Cell Counting Kit-8; Dojindo, Japan) using TC20 Automated cell counter (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Japan) after 2 days’ co-culture of TNBC and RAW264.7 cells under several conditions of SOCS1 overexpression and/or RAW264.7 activation. Results: First, paclitaxel inhibited cell growth of MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 in a dose-dependent manner (at 1nM~100nM). Second, at paclitaxel exposure of 10 nM and 50 nM, relative cell viability of MDA-MB-468 decreased with co-culture of activated RAW264.7. The tendency was enhanced with SOCS1 overexpression in breast cancer cell lines. Similar results were observed in MDA-MB-231 cells. Discussions: SOCS1 is well known as a negative regulator of JAK-STAT pathway. SOCS1 is also related to suppression of T cell activation and modulation of M1 macrophage. At AACR2020, we reported that SOCS1 gene amplification in cancer tissues after neoadjuvant chemotherapy was relatively lower in 6 cases with pathologically partial or complete response than in 11 cases with no pathological response. In vitro, paclitaxel-toxicity in TNBC cells was augmented by activated monocyte (M1 macrophage) and more sensitized with SOCS1 overexpression in TNBC cells. These results suggest that proinflammatory cytokines from M1 macrophage influence cell viability of TNBC. Conclusion: SOCS1 is a promising molecular target to modulate immune-response in TNBC. Citation Format: Shigeru Imoto, Tomohiro Chiba, Hirohito Seki, Yoshiharu Ishizaka, Ai Tsuchiya, Tomoko Kitaoka. New targeted therapy on SOCS1-related immune-response in triple-negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 5363.

Abstract 20: KSQ-001EX: An engineered TIL therapy manufactured from a clinical-scale, feeder-free process for the treatment of solid tumor indications

Abstract Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocyte (TIL) therapy is an autologous adoptive cell therapy involving the isolation, ex vivo expansion and infusion of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) into late-stage cancer patients for therapeutic benefit. While clinical responses to TIL therapy have been observed in metastatic melanoma, efficacy in other tumor types including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) [SM1] is limited by the intrinsic functionality and persistence of transferred T cells and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. To improve the clinical outcome of TIL therapy, we have developed KSQ-001EX, an engineered TIL therapy using CRISPR/Cas9 technology to knockout the SOCS1 gene, for the treatment of solid tumors. SOCS1 is a negative regulator of cytokine signaling in T cells that we previously identified as a top target restraining T cell anti-tumor function and persistence using genome-wide in vivo CRISPR screens. To streamline and shorten TIL manufacture, we established a next-generation manufacturing process with resected tumors or core biopsies as starting materials that eliminates the use of feeder cells and REP, shortening the length of manufacture to 22 days. We demonstrated robust manufacture of cryopreserved KSQ-001EX at clinical scale from NSCLC, HNSCC, checkpoint refractory melanoma, and heavily pre-treated colorectal carcinoma (CRC). KSQ-001EX manufactured from clinical-scale runs were highly viable (>90%) following cryopreservation and thaw, with > 90% SOCS1 on-target editing and complete knockdown of SOCS1 at the protein level. Importantly, KSQ-001EX across all indications assessed showed high frequency of CD8 (median ~80%), an attribute associated with TIL clinical responses. KSQ-001EX also retained high diversity of TCR repertoire. Consistent with the biology of SOCS1 editing, KSQ-001EX exhibited greater cytotoxicity and higher IFNγ production against tumor spheroids in comparison to TIL and enhanced induction of pSTAT4 upon IL-12 stimulation, demonstrating heightened sensitivity of KSQ-001EX to cytokines. In conclusion, KSQ-001EX, an engineered TIL therapy with CRISPR/Cas9 mediated inactivation of SOCS1, can be manufactured at clinical doses from surgical resections or core biopsies within 22 days using a simplified feeder-free manufacturing process from multiple indications. KSQ-001EX exhibits heightened anti-tumor activity in preclinical models, with therapeutic benefit to be evaluated in a planned clinical trial in patients with treatment-refractory melanoma, NSCLC, and HNSCC. [SM1]Spell out these at first instance? Citation Format: Sharon Lin, Gustavo Martinez, Marie-Andrée Forget, Katrina Adlerz, Mitali Ghose, Leila Williams, Paul Dunbar, Frank Thompson, Fiona Sharp, Hugh Gannon, Conor Calnan, Ashish Yeri, Dipen Sangurdekar, Donald Sakellariou-Thompson, Samantha Fix, Tamara Griffith, Ellie Jafari, Jane Zulovich, Priya Balasubramanian, Erin Willert, MIcah Benson, Chantale Bernatchez, Karrie Ka Wai Wong. KSQ-001EX: An engineered TIL therapy manufactured from a clinical-scale, feeder-free process for the treatment of solid tumor indications [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 20.

Molecular identification of suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2) and its response to BmNPV in Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)

The suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2), an essential member of the SOCS family, is a classic negative regulator of the JAK-STAT-IFN signaling pathway. Current research focuses on mammalian systems, particularly in humans, with comparatively less emphasis on invertebrate models. We discovered two unique isoforms of SOCS2 in Lepidoptera, such as Bombyx mori, named SOCS2S and SOCS2L, respectively. The protein sequences of the two isoforms differ only in the N-terminal region. SOCS2 expression profiles in Bombyx mori are highest during the embryo or the first larval instar stage, decreasing from the second to the fourth larval instar stage and reaching the lowest point during the fifth larval instar stage. Its expression is up-regulated during metamorphosis development stages, indicating that they mainly play roles in embryonic development and metamorphosis. An exception is observed in the expression level of SOCS2L in silkworm strain 306, which does not show a downward trend during the larval stage. The response modes of two SOCS2 proteins to Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) are different, with SOCS2S showing a more intense response. Subcellular localization shows that they exist in the cytoplasm. The study provides a foundation for further study on the function of SOCS2 in silkworms.

GPR41 deficiency aggravates type 1 diabetes in streptozotocin-treated mice by promoting dendritic cell maturation.

Disturbances in intestinal immune homeostasis predispose susceptible individuals to type 1 diabetes (T1D). G-protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41) is a receptor for short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) mainly produced by gut microbiota, which plays key roles in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. In this study, we investigated the role of GPR41 in the progression of T1D. In non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, we found that aberrant reduction of GPR41 expression in the pancreas and colons was associated with the development of T1D. GPR41-deficient (Gpr41-/-) mice displayed significantly exacerbated streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T1D compared to wild-type mice. Furthermore, Gpr41-/- mice showed enhanced gut immune dysregulation and increased migration of gut-primed IFN-γ+ T cells to the pancreas. In bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from Gpr41-/- mice, the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS) was significantly inhibited, while the phosphorylation of STAT3 was significantly increased, thus promoting dendritic cell (DC) maturation. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) from Gpr41-/- mice accelerated T1D in irradiated NOD mice. We conclude that GPR41 is essential for maintaining intestinal and pancreatic immune homeostasis and acts as a negative regulator of DC maturation in T1D. GPR41 may be a potential therapeutic target for T1D.

Retracted: SOCS3 Gene Polymorphism and Hypertension Susceptibility in Chinese Population: A Two-Center Case-Control Study.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2021/8445461.].

Research Note: SOCS2 contributes to reduction of the third digit during development of the chicken forelimb

The development of the avian wing pattern has been the subject of heated debate due to its special shape. The Suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2) gene encodes a negative regulator of growth hormone (GH) signaling and bone growth and is known to be strongly expressed in the third digit of chicken forelimbs. These observations suggest that SOCS2 might regulate the morphology of the avian wing, however, the function of SOCS2 in avian limb development remains unknown. Here, we reexamined SOCS2 expression in successive developmental stages of chicken limb development by in situ hybridization (ISH) and describe extended expression from the posterior of the stypolod to the third digit of the forelimbs. We used the RCAS avian retrovirus to overexpress SOCS2 in the developing chicken limb buds, which resulted in reduced or malformed chicken wings while hindlimbs developed normally. Transcriptome sequencing (mRNA-Seq) revealed changes in expression of genes known to be associated with growth and development in forelimbs with overexpressed SOCS2. This study highlights a pivotal role for SOCS2 during the development of the wing in the chicken and provides new insight into molecular mechanisms regulating avian limb development.

Butyrate alleviates alcoholic liver disease-associated inflammation through macrophage regulation and polarization via the HDAC1/miR-155 axis

BackgroundWe recently found that butyrate could ameliorate inflammation of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) in mice. However, the exact mechanism remains incompletely comprehended. Here, we examined the role of butyrate on ALD-associated inflammation through macrophage (Mψ) regulation and polarization using in vivo and in vitro experiments. MethodsFor in vivo experiments, C57BL/6J mice were fed modified Lieber-DeCarli liquid diets supplemented with or without ethanol and sodium butyrate (NaB). After 6 weeks of treatment, mice were euthanized and associated indicators were analyzed. For in vitro experiments, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory murine RAW264.7 cells were treated with NaB or miR-155 inhibitor/mimic to verify the anti-inflammatory effect and underlying mechanism. ResultsThe administration of NaB alleviated pathological damage and associated inflammation, including LPS, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β levels in ALD mice. NaB intervention restored the imbalance of macrophage polarization by inhibiting inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and elevating arginase-1 (Arg-1). Moreover, NaB reduced histone deacetylase-1 (HDAC1), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3), and miR-155 expression in ALD mice, but also increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ). Thus, MiR-155 was identified as a strong regulator of ALD. To further penetrate the role of miR-155, LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells co-cultured with NaB were treated with the specific inhibitor or mimic. Intriguingly, miR-155 was capable of negatively regulated inflammation with NaB intervention by targeting SOCS1, SHIP1, and IRAK-M genes. ConclusionButyrate suppresses the inflammation in mice with ALD by regulating macrophage polarization via the HDAC1/miR-155 axis, which may potentially contribute to the novel therapeutic treatment for the disease.

5-AZA Upregulates SOCS3 and PTPN6/SHP1, Inhibiting STAT3 and Potentiating the Effects of AG490 against Primary Effusion Lymphoma Cells.

Epigenetic modifications, including aberrant DNA methylation occurring at the promoters of oncogenes and oncosuppressor genes and histone modifications, can contribute to carcinogenesis. Aberrant methylation mediated by histone methylatransferases, alongside histones, can affect methylation of proteins involved in the regulation of pro-survival pathways such as JAK/STAT and contribute to their activation. In this study, we used DNA or histone demethylating agents, 5-Azacytidine (5-AZA) or DS-3201 (valemetostat), respectively, to treat primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cells, alone or in combination with AG490, a Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) inhibitor. Cell viability was investigated by trypan blue assay and FACS analysis. The molecular changes induced by 5-AZA and/or AG490 treatments were investigated by Western blot analysis, while cytokine release by PEL cells treated by these drugs was evaluated by Luminex. Statistical analyses were performed with Graphpad Prism® software (version 9) and analyzed by Student's t test or a nonparametric one-way ANOVA test. The results obtained in this study suggest that 5-AZA upregulated molecules that inhibit STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation, namely Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 (SOCS3) and tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type (PTPN) 6/Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1), reducing STAT3 activation and downregulating several STAT3 pro-survival targets in PEL cells. As this lymphoma is highly dependent on the constitutive activation of STAT3, 5-AZA impaired PEL cell survival, and when used in combination with AG490 JAK2/STAT3 inhibitor, it potentiated its cytotoxic effect. Differently from 5-AZA, the inhibition of the EZH1/2 histone methyltransferase by DS-3201, reported to contribute to STAT3 activation in other cancers, slightly affected STAT3 phosphorylation or survival in PEL cells, either alone or in combination with AG490. This study suggests that 5-AZA, by upregulating the expression level of SOCS3 and PTPN6/SHP1, reduced STAT3 activation and improved the outcome of treatment targeting this transcription factor in PEL cells.

Mutation of SOCS2 induces structural and functional changes in mammary development.

Lactation is an essential process for mammals. In sheep, the R96C mutation in suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2) protein is associated with greater milk production and increased mastitis sensitivity. To shed light on the involvement of R96C mutation in mammary gland development and lactation, we developed a mouse model carrying this mutation (SOCS2KI/KI). Mammary glands from virgin adult SOCS2KI/KI mice presented a branching defect and less epithelial tissue, which were not compensated for in later stages of mammary development. Mammary epithelial cell (MEC) subpopulations were modified, with mutated mice having three times as many basal cells, accompanied by a decrease in luminal cells. The SOCS2KI/KI mammary gland remained functional; however, MECs contained more lipid droplets versus fat globules, and milk lipid composition was modified. Moreover, the gene expression dynamic from virgin to pregnancy state resulted in the identification of about 3000 differentially expressed genes specific to SOCS2KI/KI or control mice. Our results show that SOCS2 is important for mammary gland development and milk production. In the long term, this finding raises the possibility of ensuring adequate milk production without compromising animal health and welfare.

Inflammatory Skin Diseases: Focus on the Role of Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS) Proteins.

Inflammatory skin diseases include a series of disorders characterized by a strong activation of the innate and adaptive immune system in which proinflammatory cytokines play a fundamental role in supporting inflammation. Skin inflammation is a complex process influenced by various factors, including genetic and environmental factors, characterized by the dysfunction of both immune and non-immune cells. Psoriasis (PS) and atopic dermatitis (AD) are the most common chronic inflammatory conditions of the skin whose pathogeneses are very complex and multifactorial. Both diseases are characterized by an immunological dysfunction involving a predominance of Th1 and Th17 cells in PS and of Th2 cells in AD. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are intracellular proteins that control inflammatory responses by regulating various signaling pathways activated by proinflammatory cytokines. SOCS signaling is involved in the regulation and progression of inflammatory responses in skin-resident and non-resident immune cells, and recent data suggest that these negative modulators are dysregulated in inflammatory skin diseases such as PS and AD. This review focuses on the current understanding about the role of SOCS proteins in modulating the activity of inflammatory mediators implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases such as PS and AD.

Suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 expression and its regulation in relation to inflammation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

The family of Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS) acts as a controller of the duration and intensity of cytokine function by negatively regulating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. SOCS' role in inflammatory diseases in animal models is well demonstrated. However, its role in the development of human disease is still under investigation. SOCS3 plays an important role in tumor development where its downregulation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various solid tumors such as triple-negative breast cancer. The aim of this work was to study (1) the expression of SOCS3 in smokers' lungs and its relation to the degree of inflammation and (2) SOCS3 regulation by microRNA (miRNA) in alveolar-macrophage (AM)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Group A: 35 smokers' [19 with COPD (SC) and 16 without COPD (S)] and 9 nonsmokers (NS); SOCS3, TNFα in AM, and CD8+ T cells were quantified by immunohistochemistry, in lung tissue. Group B: additional 9 SC, 11 S, and 5 NS; AM-EVs expressing SOCS3 (CD14+SOCS3+) and SOCS3 suppressors miRNA-19a-3p and 221-3p in EVs were quantified by flow cytometry and PCR, in BAL. The percentage of SOCS3+ AM was higher in SC [68 (6.6-99)%] and S [48 (8-100)%] than in NS [9.6 (1.9-61)%; p = 0.002; p = 0.03] and correlated with % of TNFα+AM (r = 0.48; p = 0.0009) and CD8+ T cells (r = 0.44; p = 0.0029). In BAL, the CD14+SOCS3+ EVs/μL were increased in SC [33 (21-74)] compared to S [16 (8-37); p = 0.03] and NS [9 (7-21); p = 0.003]. Conversely, miRNA-19a-3p and miRNA-221-3p expression were increased in S when compared to SC [19 (2-53) vs. 3 (0.6-8); p = 0.03 and 3 (0.005-9.6) vs. 0.2 (0.08-0.7); p = 0.05]. The suppressor function of SOCS3 in COPD seems to be overridden by other factors and does not follow the animal-model paradigm. Expression of SOCS3 in BAL macrophage-derived EVs might be useful to assess the degree of inflammation and possible progression of COPD. Downregulation of SOCS3, by miRNA, in smokers without COPD might contribute to the risk of developing cancer in these patients.

Methylation Status of SOCS1 and SOCS3 Genes in Patients with Acute Lymphoid Leukemia

Background: Acute Lymphoid Leukemia (ALL) is the leading childhood cancer with a high mortality and morbidity. Studies have suggested an association of epigenetic transformations with prognosis, recurrence and immunophenotypes of ALL. SOCS1 and SOCS3 are tumor suppressors inhibiting JAK/STAT signaling pathway and the resultant aberrant cell proliferation.
 Method: We aimed to assess the association between methylation status and ALL, using bone marrow and peripheral blood samples. 18 patients with ALL and 13 children with no malignancies were included. Using Bisulfite conversion, quantitative multiplex methylation-specific PCR and 2^(-∆∆Ct) formula, the methylated DNA in the promoters of SOCS1 and SOCS3 were measured.
 Results: ALL patients had higher mean methylation in SOCS1 promoter and lower mean methylation in SOCS3 promoter, compared to the control group. However, neither of these mean differences were statistically significant.
 Conclusion: This finding can set the foundation for further large-sample studies with the use of healthy children as a control group to strengthen the hypothetical association of the methylation status of SOCS1 and SOCS3 with ALL.

[Retracted] miR‑885‑5p upregulation promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation and migration by targeting suppressor of cytokine signaling.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8645.].

IL-13 facilitates ferroptotic death in asthmatic epithelial cells via SOCS1-mediated ubiquitinated degradation of SLC7A11

Th2-high asthma is characterized by elevated levels of type 2 cytokines, such as interleukin 13 (IL-13), and its prevalence has been increasing worldwide. Ferroptosis, a recently discovered type of programmed cell death, is involved in the pathological process of Th2-high asthma; however, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. In this study, we demonstrated that the serum level of malondialdehyde (MDA), an index of lipid peroxidation, positively correlated with IL-13 level and negatively correlated with the predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1%) in asthmatics. Furthermore, we showed that IL-13 facilitates ferroptosis by upregulating of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) through analyzing immortalized airway epithelial cells, human airway organoids, and the ovalbumin (OVA)-challenged asthma model. We identified that signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) promotes the transcription of SOCS1 upon IL-13 stimulation. Moreover, SOCS1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, was found to bind to solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) and catalyze its ubiquitinated degradation, thereby promoting ferroptosis in airway epithelial cells. Last, we found that inhibiting SOCS1 can decrease ferroptosis in airway epithelial cells and alleviate airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in OVA-challenged wide-type mice, while SOCS1 overexpression exacerbated the above in OVA-challenged IL-13-knockout mice. Our findings reveal that the IL-13/STAT6/SOCS1/SLC7A11 pathway is a novel molecular mechanism for ferroptosis in Th2-high asthma, confirming that targeting ferroptosis in airway epithelial cells is a potential therapeutic strategy for Th2-high asthma.

SOCS3 regulates pathological retinal angiogenesis through modulating SPP1 expression in microglia and macrophages

Pathological ocular angiogenesis has long been associated with myeloid cell activation. However, the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms governing the intricate crosstalk between the immune system and vascular changes during ocular neovascularization formation remain elusive. In this study, we demonstrated that the absence of the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) in myeloid cells led to a substantial accumulation of microglia and macrophage subsets during the neovascularization process. Our single-cell RNA sequencing data analysis revealed a remarkable increase in the expression of the secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp1) gene within these microglia and macrophages, identifying subsets of Spp1-expressing microglia and macrophages during neovascularization formation in angiogenesis mouse models. Notably, the number of Spp1-expressing microglia and macrophages exhibited further elevation during neovascularization in mice lacking myeloid SOCS3. Moreover, our investigation unveiled the Spp1 gene as a direct transcriptional target gene of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. Importantly, pharmaceutical activation of SOCS3 or blocking of SPP1 resulted in a significant reduction in pathological neovascularization. In conclusion, our study highlights the pivotal role of the SOCS3/STAT3/SPP1 axis in the regulation of pathological retinal angiogenesis.